a formative influence on

forming, form-giving.

typesetter, compositor.

* * *

- dora masculino, femenino

a) ( de algo) former, shaper

b) ( de personas) formative influence

* * *

= training officer.

Ex. This article describes the experiences of a library training officer whose brief was to build library services from the ground up.

----

* formador de usuarios = bibliographic instructor.

* * *

- dora masculino, femenino

a) ( de algo) former, shaper

b) ( de personas) formative influence

* * *

* * *

1 (de algo) former, shaper

el periodista como formador de opinión the journalist as opinion shaper

2 (de personas) formative influence

fue un gran formador de juventudes he was a great formative influence on young people

una institución que es la principal formadora de científicos an institution which is the main formative influence on scientists

* * *

♦ adj

forming, constituting

♦ nm,f

trainer

v/t stamp; (Geld) mint; (Leder, Metall etc.) emboss; fig. (Wort etc.) coin; (Person, Charakter) form, mo(u)ld; (Sache) set the tone of, determine s.th.; geprägt sein von be marked by; positiv: auch be characterized by; prägender Einfluss formative influence; den Charakter prägen form ( oder mo[u]ld) one’s personality; ein Tier prägen auf (+ Akk) PSYCH. condition an animal to; diese Jahre haben sie geprägt they were formative years for her; Wälder und Seen prägen die Landschaft woods and lakes lend the landscape its character ( oder are the main features of this landscape); er ist von seiner Umwelt geprägt he’s a product of his environment; italienisch geprägte Architektur Italianate architecture, architecture with an Italian influence

* * *

print

* * *

1. vt

1) Münzen to mint, to strike; Leder, Papier, Metall to emboss; (= erfinden) Begriffe, Wörter to coin

2) (fig = formen) Charakter to shape, to mould (Brit), to mold (US); (Erlebnis, Kummer, Erfahrungen) jdn to leave its/their mark on

3) (= kennzeichnen) Stadtbild, Landschaft etc to characterize

2. vr

* * *

1) (the process of coining.) coinage

2) (to invent (a word, phrase etc): The scientist coined a word for the new process.) coin

3) (to manufacture (money): When were these coins minted?) mint

* * *

1. (durch Prägung herstellen)

▪ etw \prägen to mint sth

Münzen \prägen to mint [or strike] coins

eine Medaille \prägen to strike a medallion

2. (mit einer Prägung versehen) to emboss sth

geprägtes Briefpapier embossed writing paper

einen Bucheinband [blind] \prägen to emboss [or [ spec blind-]tool] a book cover

▪ etw auf etw akk/in etw akk \prägen to stamp [or form impress] sth on[to]/into sth

sich dat etw ins Gedächtnis \prägen (fig) to commit sth to memory, to engrave sth on one's mind

3. (fig: formen)

▪ jdn \prägen to leave its/their mark [on sb]

jdn für alle Zeiten \prägen to leave its/their indelible mark [on sb]

4. ZOOL

ein Tier auf etw/jdn \prägen to imprint sth/sb on an animal

5. (schöpfen)

▪ etw \prägen to coin sth

ein Modewort \prägen to coin an “in” expression sl

* * *

1) emboss <metal, paper, leather>; mint, strike < coin>

2) (aufprägen) (vertieft) impress; (erhaben) emboss

3) (fig.): (beeinflussen) shape; mould

4) (fig.): (erfinden) coin <word, expression, concept>

* * *

prägen v/t stamp; (Geld) mint; (Leder, Metall etc) emboss; fig (Wort etc) coin; (Person, Charakter) form, mo(u)ld; (Sache) set the tone of, determine sth;

geprägt sein von be marked by; positiv: auch be characterized by;

prägender Einfluss formative influence;

den Charakter prägen form ( oder mo[u]ld) one’s personality;

ein Tier prägen auf (+akk) PSYCH condition an animal to;

diese Jahre haben sie geprägt they were formative years for her;

Wälder und Seen prägen die Landschaft woods and lakes lend the landscape its character ( oder are the main features of this landscape);

er ist von seiner Umwelt geprägt he’s a product of his environment;

italienisch geprägte Architektur Italianate architecture, architecture with an Italian influence

* * *

1) emboss <metal, paper, leather>; mint, strike < coin>

2) (aufprägen) (vertieft) impress; (erhaben) emboss

3) (fig.): (beeinflussen) shape; mould

4) (fig.): (erfinden) coin <word, expression, concept>

* * *

to coin v.

to emboss v.

to stamp v.

Adj.: für jemanden stilbildend sein / wirken form s.o.’s style / have a formative influence on s.o.’s style

* * *

* * *

adj inv trendsetting

er ist zwar nicht reich, dafür aber \stilbildend it's true he isn't wealthy, but he is a style leader

* * *

stilbildend adj:

für jemanden stilbildend sein/wirken form sb’s style/have a formative influence on sb’s style

(n.) = book ownership

Ex. Everything points to the importance of book ownership as both a reflection of, and a formative influence on, a family's attitude to reading.

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

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Samuel Downing had a formative influence on the development of engineering education in Ireland. He was educated at Kilkenny College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he took a BA in 1834. He subsequently attended courses in natural philosophy at Edinburgh, before taking up work as a railway and bridge engineer. Amongst structures on which he worked were the timber viaduct connecting Portland Island to the mainland in Dorset, England, and the curved viaduct at Coed-re-Coed on the Taff Vale Railway, Wales. In 1847 he was persuaded to return to Trinity College, Dublin, as Assistant to Sir John MacNeill, who had been appointed Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering on its establishment in 1842. MacNeill always found it difficult to give up time on his engineering practice to spend on his teaching duties, so the addition of Downing to the staff gave a great impetus to the effectiveness of the School. When MacNeill retired from the Chair in 1852, Downing was his obvious successor and held the post until his death. For thirty years Downing devoted his engineering expertise and the energy of his warm personality to the School of Engineering and its students, of whom almost four hundred passed through the School in the years when he was responsible for it.

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formateur, -trice [fɔʀmatœʀ, tʀis]

1. adjective

2. masculine noun, feminine noun

* * *

- trice fɔʀmatœʀ, tʀis adjectif formative

* * *

1. adj

2. nm/f

* * *

formateur, - trice

A adj [influence, élément, rôle] formative.

B ⇒ Les métiers et les professions nm,f training officer.

formateur à Internet Internet tutor, Web tutor.

( féminin formatrice) [fɔrmatɶr, tris] adjectif

[rôle, influence] formative

ce stage a été très formateur this training course was very instructive

1 persistent (person) (en una empresa).

2 constant.

3 unchanging, uniform, consistent, constant.

4 dedicated, hardworking.

1 constant.

constantes vitales (medicine) vital signs

mantener las constantes vitales de alguien (medicine) to keep somebody alive

2 Constante.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (invariable) constant

2 (persona) steadfast

► nombre femenino

1 MATEMÁTICAS constant

\

constantes vitales vital signs

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=continuado) constant

2) (=frecuente) constant

3) (=perseverante) [persona] persevering

4) (Fís) [velocidad, temperatura, presión] constant

2. SF

1) (=factor predominante)

2) (Mat) constant

3) (Med)

* * *

1) ( continuo) constant

2) ( perseverante) < persona> persevering

a) (Mat) constant

b) ( característica) constant feature

c) constantes femenino plural (Med) tb

* * *

= constant, continual, continued, continuing, continuous, even, ongoing [on-going], persistent, regular, unvarying, steadfast, perpetual, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], abiding, unfailing, unabated, constant, standing, unflagging, assiduous, on-the-go, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless, persevering.

Ex. Film and videotape are stored on the premises in vaults situated at the back of the library and are air conditioned to ensure a constant temperature.

Ex. The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.

Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.

Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.

Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.

Ex. An unvarying level of illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and acoustics will give the even type of environment needed in an academic library.

Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.

Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.

Ex. Book form was generally regarded as too inflexible for library catalogues, especially where the catalogue required regular updating to cater for continuing and gradual expansion of the collection.

Ex. An unvarying level of illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and acoustics will give the even type of environment needed in an academic library.

Ex. He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.

Ex. Possessed of a phenomenal memory and a perpetual smile, this paragon always is ready to meet the public without losing balance or a sense of humor.

Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.

Ex. The revision and correction of reference works is an abiding concern to the librarian and the user.

Ex. Public libraries can be characterized by an unfailing flexibility and sincere intent to help people solve problems.

Ex. The demand for English as the world's lingua franca continues unabated.

Ex. In this formula, curly brackets {} indicate activities, and alpha, beta and gamma are constants = En esta fórmula, las llaves {} indican actividades y alfa, beta y gamma son las constantes.

Ex. A standing reproach to all librarians is the non-user.

Ex. Colleagues from all the regions of the world harnessed their combined intellectual capital, tenacity, good will and unflagging spirit of volunteerism for the good of our profession = Colegas de todas las regiones del mundo utilizaron su capital intelectual, su tenacidad, su buena voluntad y su inagotable espíritu de voluntarismo para el bien de nuestra profesión.

Ex. The management of a large number of digital images requires assiduous attention to all stages of production.

Ex. With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.

Ex. But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.

Ex. The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.

Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.

Ex. Napoleon Bonaparte said: 'Victory belongs to the most persevering' and 'Ability is of little account without opportunity'.

----

* constante de bajada = slope constant.

* constante flujo de = steady stream of.

* constante vital = vital sign.

* crítica constante = nagging.

* de un modo constante = on an ongoing basis.

* en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.

* en constante movimiento = on the go.

* los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* mantenimiento de las constantes vitales = life support.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* permanecer constante = remain + constant.

* que está en constante evolución = ever-evolving.

* serie constante de = steady stream of.

* ser una constante = be a constant.

* * *

1) ( continuo) constant

2) ( perseverante) < persona> persevering

a) (Mat) constant

b) ( característica) constant feature

c) constantes femenino plural (Med) tb

* * *

* * *

1 (continuo) constant

estaba sometido a una constante vigilancia he was kept under constant surveillance

2 ‹tema/motivo› constant

B (perseverante) persevering

1 ( Mat) constant

2 (característica) constant feature

las escaseces han sido una constante durante los últimos siete años shortages have been a constant feature of the last seven years

durante estas fechas las colas son una constante en las tiendas at this time of year queues are a regular feature in the shops

una constante en su obra a constant theme in his work

el malhumor es una constante en él he's always in a bad mood

3 constantes fpl ( Med) tb

constantes vitales vital signs (pl)

* * *

a) ( continuo) constant

b) ( perseverante) ‹ persona› persevering

a) (Mat) constant

b) ( característica) constant feature

◊ constantes sustantivo femenino plural (Med) tb constantes vitales vital signs (pl)

* * *

♦ adj

1. [persona] [en una empresa] persistent;

se mantuvo constante en su esfuerzo he persevered in his efforts

2. [lluvia, atención] constant, persistent;

3. [que se repite] constant

♦ nf

1. [rasgo] constant;

las desilusiones han sido una constante en su vida disappointments have been a constant feature in her life;

las tormentas son una constante en sus cuadros storms are an ever-present feature in his paintings;

la violencia es una constante histórica en la región the region has known violence throughout its history

2. Mat constant

3. constantes vitales vital signs;

mantener las constantes vitales de alguien to keep sb alive

* * *

I adj constant

II f MAT constant

* * *

constante adj

: constant

♦ constantemente adv

constante nf

: constant

* * *

constante adj (continuo) constant

1 continuous, around-the-clock, constant, round-the-clock.

Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...

2 nonstop.

3 continuous, one-piece, non broken.

4 continuous, not discrete, indiscrete.

Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...

1 continuum, whole, undivided whole.

2 continuo, bass accompaniment in a musical score.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (seguido) continuous

2 (continuado) continual, constant

► nombre masculino continuo

1 (todo) continuum

2 (de gente) flow

\

corriente continua direct current

movimiento continuo perpetual motion

► nombre masculino

1 (todo) continuum

2 (de gente) flow

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=ininterrumpido) [línea, fila] continuous; [dolor, movimiento, crecimiento] constant, continuous; [pesadilla, molestia] constant

2) (=frecuente, repetido) [llamadas, amenazas, críticas, cambios] constant, continual

3) (Fís) [movimiento] perpetual

4) (Elec) [corriente] direct

5) (Ling) continuous

6)

SM (Fís) continuum

* * *

- nua adjetivo

a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual

b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant

c)

continuum masculino (frml) continuum

* * *

= continual, continued, continuing, continuous, ongoing [on-going], persistent, running, sustained, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], continuum, uninterrupted, long-term, everlasting, unrelieved, back-to-back, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless.

Ex. The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.

Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.

Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.

Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.

Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.

Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.

Ex. Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.

Ex. Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.

Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.

Ex. At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).

Ex. For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.

Ex. Many long-term residents feel that Junctionville should be governed the way it was before Groome appeared -- by 'good old boys' who had worked their way up, who eschewed issues, and who faithfully rewarded their cronies.

Ex. Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.

Ex. Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.

Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.

Ex. But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.

Ex. The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.

Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.

----

* en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.

* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting.

* flujo continuo = continuum.

* formación continua = continuing training.

* formación continua en el trabajo = workplace learning.

* máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.

* miedo continuo = nagging fear.

* paginación continua = continuous pagination.

* papel continuo de periódico = newsprint.

* papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.

* temor continuo = nagging fear.

* texto continuo = stream of text.

* * *

- nua adjetivo

a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual

b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant

c)

continuum masculino (frml) continuum

* * *

* * *

1 ‹dolor› (sin interrupción) constant; ‹movimiento/sonido› continuous, constant; ‹lucha› continual

2 (frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant

estoy harto de sus continuas protestas I'm fed up of his continual o constant complaining

de continuo continuamente

( frml)

continuum

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

◊ si las cosas continúan así if things go on o continue like this;

◊ la película continúa en cartelera the movie is still showing;

a) ( sin interrupción) ‹ dolor› constant;

b) ( frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant

* * *

♦ adj

1. [ininterrumpido] continuous;

las continuas lluvias obligaron a suspender el partido the continuous rain forced them to call off the game

2. [perseverante] continual;

me irritan sus continuas preguntas her continual questioning irritates me

3. [unido] continuous;

papel continuo continuous stationery

♦ nm

1. [sucesión] succession, series

2. Fís continuum

3. Ling continuum

♦ de continuo loc adv

continually

* * *

1 ( sin parar) continuous;

de continuo constantly

2 ( frecuente) continual

* * *

continuo, - nua adj

: continuous, steady, constant

♦ continuamente adv

* * *

continuo adj

1. (ininterrumpido) continuous

2. (repetido) continual

   The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.

   In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.

   Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.

   The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.

   With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.

   After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.

   Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation.

I v/t form, shape ( aus out of, from; zu into); aus weichem Stoff: mo(u)ld, shape; (Gedanken, Laute, Satz) form; (jemanden, Charakter) form, mo(u)ld (zu into)

II v/refl form, take shape

* * *

moulding; molding

* * *

1. vt

2. vr (lit)

* * *

1) (to work into a shape: He moulded the clay into a ball.) mould

2) (to make the shape of (something): She moulded the figure out of/in clay.) mould

3) (to make into a certain shape, to form or model: She shaped the dough into three separate loaves.) shape

4) (to influence the nature of strongly: This event shaped his whole life.) shape

* * *

I. vt

1. (modellieren)

▪ etw [aus etw dat] \formen to mould [or AM mold] sth [from sth]

hübsch/wohl geformt beautifully/well formed

2. (bilden)

▪ etw \formen to form sth

Sätze \formen to form sentences

3. (prägen)

▪ jdn/etw \formen to mould [or AM mold] sb/sth

II. vr

▪ sich akk \formen to form

* * *

transitives Verb form; shape; mould, form <character, personality>; mould < person>

reflexives Verb take on a shape; (fig.) form; take shape

* * *

A. v/t form, shape (

aus out of, from;

zu into); aus weichem Stoff: mo(u)ld, shape; (Gedanken, Laute, Satz) form; (jemanden, Charakter) form, mo(u)ld (

zu into)

B. v/r form, take shape

* * *

transitives Verb form; shape; mould, form <character, personality>; mould < person>

reflexives Verb take on a shape; (fig.) form; take shape

* * *

to throw v.

to knead (into) v.

to mould (into) v. v.

to forge v.

to form v.

to mould (out of) v.

to shape v.

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.

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